Surface profile of different heat-treated nickel-titanium files before and after root canal preparation

Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate surface wear, presence of microcracks and surface irregularities of WaveOne (WO) and WaveOne Gold (WOG) instruments before and after multiple uses. Eight Primary instruments of the WO and WOG systems were evaluated, each one was used to prepare six mesial canals of extracted human mandibular molars. The surface of the instruments was evaluated before use (T0), after instrumentation of three (T1) and six (T2) root canals. Surface wear was analyzed using a three-dimensional optical profiler and the presence of microcracks and surface irregularities were evaluated using a tabletop scanning electron microscopy. The Friedman test was used to assess surface wear and Kruskal-Wallis test to evaluate the presence of microcracks and surface irregularities, with a 5% significance level. There was a significant increase in wear in both groups at T2, compared to T0 (p=0.0003). The surface wear after instrumentation of six canals (T2-T0) was statistically greater in the WOG group, than in the WO group (p=0.02), where the presence of microcracks was significantly greater and increased after multiple uses (p<0.05). The presence of surface irregularities in the cutting blade before and after use was statistically greater in the WOG group than WO group (p<0.05). Wear of the cutting blade, microcracks and surface irregularities were observed on the surface topography of all the instruments after multiple uses. These surface changes may affect the cutting efficiency of WOG files and increase the risk of fracture of WO files.

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o desgaste de superfície, a presença de microtrincas e irregularidades superficiais dos instrumentos WaveOne (WO) e WaveOne Gold (WOG) antes e após múltiplos usos. Oito instrumentos Primary dos sistemas WO e WOG foram avaliados, cada um utilizado no preparo de seis canais mesiais de molares inferiores humanos extraídos. A superfície dos instrumentos foi avaliada antes do uso (T0), após a instrumentação de três (T1) e seis (T2) canais radiculares. O desgaste de superfície foi analisado utilizando um perfilômetro ótico tridimensional e a presença de microtrincas e irregularidades superficiais foram avaliadas usando um microscópio eletrônico de varredura de bancada. O teste de Friedman foi usado para avaliar o desgaste de superfície e o teste de Kruskal-Wallis para avaliar a presença de microtrincas e irregularidades superficiais, com nível de significância de 5%. Houve um aumento significativo no desgaste em ambos os grupos em T2, comparado a T0 (p=0.0003). O desgaste de superfície após a instrumentação de seis canais (T2-T0) foi estatisticamente maior no grupo WOG que no grupo WO (p=0.02), onde a presença de microtrincas foi estatisticamente maior e aumentou após os múltiplos usos (p<0.05). A presença de irregularidades na superfície da lamina de corte antes e após o uso aumento significativamente no grupo WOG comparado ao grupo WO (p<0.05). Desgaste da lâmina de corte, microtrincas e irregularidades superficiais foram observadas na topografia de superfície de todos os instrumentos após os múltiplos usos. Essas alterações na superfície podem afetar a eficiência de corte dos instrumentos WOG e amentar o risco de fratura dos instrumentos WO.

PAI-1 expression in intratumoral inflammatory infiltrate contributes to lymph node metastasis in oral cancer: A cross-sectional study.

INTRODUCTION: Immune cells contribute with mediators in the protein expression profile of the tumor microenvironment. Levels of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) are elevated in non-malignant inflammatory conditions; however, the association between PAI-1 expression and inflammation remains uncertain in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). This study aimed to investigate PAI-1 expression in mononuclear inflammatory cell infiltrate in OSCC and its role as a prognostic marker. METHODS: Samples were collected from patients with OSCC, treated surgically, and followed for 24 months after the procedure. Thirty-nine tumoral tissue were analyzed using immunohistochemistry. Correlation between protein expression, clinicopathological parameters, and the prognosis was investigated. RESULTS: Positive PAI-1 expression in mononuclear inflammatory cell infiltrate was significantly associated with lymph node status (p = 0.009) and with the cytoplasmic expression of vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) (p = 0.028). Multivariate analysis revealed weak PAI-1 expression as an independent marker for lymph node metastases, with approximately 8-fold increased risk compared to strong expression (OR = 8.60; CI = 1.54-48.08; p = 0.014). CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that the strong PAI-1 expression in intratumoral inflammatory infiltrate is an indicator of a better prognosis for patients diagnosed with oral squamous cell carcinoma.

Surface profile of different heat-treated nickel-titanium files before and after root canal preparation.

The aim of this study was to evaluate surface wear, presence of microcracks and surface irregularities of WaveOne (WO) and WaveOne Gold (WOG) instruments before and after multiple uses. Eight Primary instruments of the WO and WOG systems were evaluated, each one was used to prepare six mesial canals of extracted human mandibular molars. The surface of the instruments was evaluated before use (T0), after instrumentation of three (T1) and six (T2) root canals. Surface wear was analyzed using a three-dimensional optical profiler and the presence of microcracks and surface irregularities were evaluated using a tabletop scanning electron microscopy. The Friedman test was used to assess surface wear and Kruskal-Wallis test to evaluate the presence of microcracks and surface irregularities, with a 5% significance level. There was a significant increase in wear in both groups at T2, compared to T0 (p=0.0003). The surface wear after instrumentation of six canals (T2-T0) was statistically greater in the WOG group, than in the WO group (p=0.02), where the presence of microcracks was significantly greater and increased after multiple uses (p<0.05). The presence of surface irregularities in the cutting blade before and after use was statistically greater in the WOG group than WO group (p<0.05). Wear of the cutting blade, microcracks and surface irregularities were observed on the surface topography of all the instruments after multiple uses. These surface changes may affect the cutting efficiency of WOG files and increase the risk of fracture of WO files.

Elemental characterization of oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma and its relationship with smoking, prognosis and survival.

Oral cancer squamous cell carcinoma (OCSCC) mainly affects individuals aged between 50 and 70 years who consume tobacco and alcohol. Tobacco smoke contains hundreds of known toxic and carcinogenic molecules, and a few studies have sought to verify the relationship of such trace elements as risk or prognostic factors for head and neck cancer. We obtained 78 samples of tumor tissues from patients with OCSCC, and performed a qualitative elemental characterization using the micro X-Ray Fluorescence technique based on synchrotron radiation. We found the presence of magnesium, phosphorus, sulfur, chlorine, potassium, calcium, chromium, manganese, iron, zinc, cobalt, nickel, copper, arsenic and bromine in OCSCC samples. Magnesium, chlorine, chromium, manganese, nickel, arsenic and bromine are associated with smoking. We observed a significant association between relapse and chlorine and chromium. The presence of chlorine in the samples was an independent protective factor against relapse (OR = 0.105, CI = 0.01-0.63) and for best disease-free survival (HR = 0.194, CI = 0.04-0.87). Reporting for the first time in oral cancer, these results suggest a key relationship between smoking and the presence of certain elements. In addition, chlorine proved to be important in the context of patient prognosis and survival.

Effect of CPoint, EndoSequence BC, and Gutta-percha Points on Viability and Gene Expression of Periodontal Ligament Fibroblasts.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate the cytotoxic and biomodulatory potential of conventional gutta-percha (CGP) points, gutta-percha points containing bioceramics (BC), and CPoint polymer (CP) points on periodontal ligament (PDL) cells in vitro. METHODS: PDL fibroblasts were cultured and stimulated with extracts of CGP, BC, and CP in serial dilutions to evaluate cell viability using MTT assay. Next, the 1:5 dilution was used to stimulate the cells for 72 h to assess the gene expression of type I collagen (COL-1) and cement protein 1 (CEMP-1), by reverse transcription followed by quantitative PCR. Data were statistically analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) (P<0.05). RESULTS: Pure extracts of CGP and CP were found to be cytotoxic for PDL (P<0.01). Once diluted to 1:5, only CP showed cytotoxicity. BC did not affect cell viability in any extract sample. No extract significantly altered the gene expression of COL-1. For CEMP-1, a significant increase in gene expression was observed only for CGP (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: CP was found to be more cytotoxic than CGP, while BC demonstrated no cytotoxicity. The tested cones did not affect COL-1 gene expression, while CGP upregulated CEMP-1. Our results suggest that obturation point components may affect the biological responses of PDL fibroblasts.

Nickel-titanium instruments in endodontics: a concise review of the state of the art.

The introduction of automated instrumentation in endodontics represented a major advance in progress for this specialty, with improvements in the quality and predictability of root canal preparation and a significant reduction in procedural errors. In recent years, endodontic instruments have undergone a series of changes brought about by modifications in design, surface treatments, and thermal treatments. In addition, new movements have also been incorporated to offer greater safety and efficiency, optimizing the properties of the NiTi alloy, especially through eccentric rotary motion. An understanding of the mechanical properties of these new NiTi instruments and their effect on the clinical performance of root canal preparation is essential if dental practitioners are to select the instruments that provide optimal clinical outcomes, especially in curved or flattened canals. The objective of this literature review is to present and discuss the characteristics of the NiTi alloys used in the major instrumentation systems available in the market, as well as the influence of the metallurgical and mechanical properties of NiTi instruments and the movements that drive them, to enable more accurate and predictable planning of root canal preparation.

A Escola Multicampi de Ciências Médicas da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Brasil, no contexto do Programa Mais Médicos: desafios e potencialidades / The Multicampi School of Medical Sciences of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil, in the context of the More Doctors Program: challenges and potentialities / La Escuela Multicampi de Ciencias Médicas de La Universidad Federal de Riop Grande do Norte, Brasil, en el contexto del Programa Más Médicos: desafíos e potencialidades

A proposta deste artigo é relatar criticamente a experiência institucional e curricular de implantação do curso de Medicina da Escola Multicampi de Ciências Médicas do Rio Grande do Norte, da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN). Este relato se coloca como forma de documentar, monitorar e refletir sobre o desenvolvimento das ações de expansão de vagas e criação de novos cursos de Medicina em universidades federais, no âmbito do Programa Mais Médicos. Para tanto, foram descritas de maneira crítica as ações de ensino, pesquisa e extensão já desenvolvidas, além de apresentar uma visão geral do curso e da integração ensino-serviço-comunidade, destacando os êxitos logrados e os desafios no desenvolvimento das ações de ensino, pesquisa e extensão. Por fim, são apresentadas as dificuldades inerentes à implantação de novos cursos fora dos centros urbanos no Brasil.

This paper reports on the institutional and curricular experience of launching the Medical Course of the Multicampi School of Medical Sciences of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN). This report is a way of documenting, monitoring and reflecting on the development of actions of expansion of seats and creation of new medical courses in federal universities, within the framework of the More Doctors Program. To that end, the teaching, research and extension actions already developed are critically described, as well as it is presented an overview of the course and the teaching-service-community integration, highlighting the achievements and challenges in the development of teaching, research and extension. Finally, we describe the difficulties inherent in the implantation of new courses outside urban centers in Brazil.

El objetivo de este artículo es relatar la experiencia institucional y curricular de implantación del curso de Medicina de la Escuela Multicampi de Ciencias Médicas de la Universidad Federal de Rio Grande do Norte, de la Universidad Federal de Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN). Se presenta como una forma de comentar, monitorear y reflexionar sobre el desarrollo de las acciones de expansión de plazas y creación de nuevos cursos de Medicina en universidades federales, en el ámbito del Programa Más Médicos. Para ello, se describen de manera crítica las acciones de enseñanza, investigación y extensión ya desarrolladas, además de presentar una visión general del curso y de la integración enseñanza-servicio-comunidad, destacando los éxitos conseguidos y los desafíos en el desarrollo de las acciones de enseñanza, investigación y extensión. Finalmente se presentan las dificultades inherentes a la implantación de nuevos cursos fuera de los centros urbanos en Brasil.

Vivência integrada na comunidade: inserção longitudinal no Sistema de Saúde como estratégia de formação médica / Integrated experience in the community: longitudinal health care insertion as medical education strategy / Vivencia integrada en la comunidad: inserción longitudinal en el Sistema de Salud como estrategia de formación médica

Propostas inovadoras para o processo ensino-aprendizagem nos cursos de Medicina vêm sendo desenvolvidas em busca de uma formação profissional generalista, humanista e crítica. A partir da aprovação do Programa Mais Médicos (PMM), novas escolas foram criadas adotando metodologias de ensino ativas e promovendo maior integração ensinoserviço-comunidade. Este artigo é um relato de experiência sobre o desenvolvimento do módulo Vivência Integrada na Comunidade no curso de Medicina da Escola Multicampi de Ciências Médicas do Rio Grande do Norte, que oportuniza ao estudante uma inserção longitudinal no sistema de Saúde em municípios do interior do Nordeste. Essa proposta vem promovendo maior integração entre a universidade, os gestores e os trabalhadores da Saúde. A aposta é a de que este módulo poderá contribuir com a fixação do médico na região e fortalecer o sistema de Saúde no interior do Brasil.

Innovative teaching-learning process proposals for medical courses have been developed for generalist, humanistic, critical professional education. Beginning with approval of the More Doctors Program, new schools were created, adopting active teaching methodologies and promoting further community-service-teaching integration. This paper is an experience report on the development of the Integrated Experience in the Community module in the medical course at the Medical Sciences Multi-campuses College of Rio Grande do Norte, which provides students with longitudinal insertion opportunities in the healthcare system of the hinterland towns of the Northeast region. This proposed module has been promoting further integration between the university managers, and healthcare workers. The goal of this module is to contribute to securing physicians for in the region and strengthening the healthcare system in the Brazilian hinterland.

Se han desarrollado propuestas innovadoras para el proceso enseñanza-aprendizaje en los cursos de medicina a la búsqueda de una formación profesional generalista, humanista y crítica. A partir de la aprobación del Programa Más Médicos se crearon nuevas escuelas, adoptando metodologías de enseñanza activas y promoviendo una mayor integración enseñanza-serviciocomunidad. Este artículo es un relato de experiencia sobre el desarrollo del módulo "Vivencia integrada en la comunidad" en el curso de medicina de la Escuela Multicampi de Ciencias Médicas de Rio Grande do Norte que proporciona al estudiante una inserción longitudinal en el sistema de salud en municipios del interior del Nordeste de Brasil. Esta propuesta ha promovido una mayor integración entre la Universidad, los gestores y los trabajadores de la salud. La apuesta es que este módulo podrá contribuir con la fijación del médico en la región y fortalecer el sistema de salud en el interior de Brasil.

Polymorphisms in methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase and cystathionine beta-synthase in oral cancer - a case-control study in southeastern Brazilians / Polimorfismos em metilenotetrahidrofolato redutase, cistationina beta-sintase no câncer de boca - um estudo de caso-controle no Sudeste brasileiro

ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION: Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a serious public health problem, due to its high mortality rate and worldwide rising incidence. OSCC susceptibility is mediated by interactions between genetic and environmental factors. Studies suggest that genetic variants encoding enzymes involved in folate metabolism may modulate OSCC risk by altering DNA synthesis/repair and methylation process. OBJECTIVE: The goals of this study were to evaluate the association of three genotypic polymorphism (MTHFR C677T, MTHFR A1298C and CBS 844ins68) and oral cancer risk in southeastern Brazilians and evaluate the interactions between polymorphisms and clinical histopathological parameters. METHODS: This case-control study included 101 cases and 102 controls in the state of Espírito Santo, Brazil. MTHFR genotyping was done by PCR-RFLP (polymerase chain reaction - restriction fragment length polymorphism) and CBS genotyping by PCR (polymerase chain reaction) analysis. RESULTS: MTHFR C677T polymorphism was associated with lymph node involvement. Genotype CT + TT acted as a protective factor. MTHFR A1298C AC + CC genotype was associated with tumor differentiation, and possibly with a better prognosis. In risk analysis, no correlation was observed between genotypes and OSCC. CONCLUSION: We concluded that MTHFR C677T, MTHFR A1298C and CBS 844ins68 polymorphisms were not associated with OSCC risk in southeastern Brazilians; however, we suggest a prognosis effect associated with MTHFR C677T and A1298C polymorphisms in OSCC.

Resumo Introdução: O carcinoma espinocelular oral (CECO) trata-se de um importante problema de saúde pública, devido à elevada taxa de mortalidade e incidência crescente em todo o mundo. A susceptibilidade ao CECO é mediada por interações entre fatores genéticos e ambientais. Estudos sugerem que as variantes genéticas que codificam as enzimas envolvidas no metabolismo do folato podem modular o risco de CECO, alterando a síntese/reparação do DNA e o processo de metilação. Objetivo: Os objetivos deste estudo foram avaliar a associação de três polimorfismos genotípicos (MTHFR C677T, MTHFR A1298C e CBS 844ins68) e o risco de câncer oral em brasileiros da região Sudeste, e avaliar as interações entre polimorfismos e parâmetros clínico-histopatológicos. Método: Este estudo de caso-controle incluiu 101 casos e 102 controles no estado do Espírito Santo, Brasil. A genotipagem do polimorfismo MTHFR foi realizada por PCR-RFLP (Reação de Polimerase em Cadeia - Polimorfismo no Comprimento de Fragmento de Restrição) e a do CBS por análise da PCR (Reação de Polimerase em Cadeia). Resultados: O polimorfismo MTHFR C677T foi associado ao envolvimento de gânglios linfáticos. O genótipo CT + TT atuou como um fator protetor. O genótipo MTHFR A1298C AC + CC foi associado à diferenciação do tumor e, possivelmente, a um prognóstico melhor. Na análise de risco, a correlação entre os genótipos e o CECO não foi observada. Conclusão: Concluímos que os polimorfismos MTHFR C677T, MTHFR A1298C e CBS 844ins68 não estão associados ao risco de CECO nos brasileiros da região Sudeste; no entanto, sugerimos um efeito prognóstico associado aos polimorfismos MTHFR C677T e A1298C em CECO.

Intraerythrocytic organic phosphates and hemoglobins of skua - Catharacta maccormicki (Stercoraridae): at two different stages of the year in relation to Antartic migration

Catharacta maccormicki blood samples were collected in the winter (October) and in the summer (February) in order to study the intraerythrocytic organic phosphates, hemoglobin (Hb) electrophoretic patterns, oxygen blood equilibrium and stripped Hbs, as well as the effect of 2,3-biphosphoglycerate (BPG) and inositol hexaphosphate (IHP) on oxygen affinity. All the samples (five from the winter and five from the summer) showed the same electrophoretic pattern: one minor fast component and one major slow one. No differences in oxygen affinity and Bohr effect in the samples collected in the winter and in the summer were found. Oxygen affinity was higher in the stripped Hb than in the blood. BPG seemed to have no effect on the functional properties of skua Hb while IHP does. No BPG was found in any sample. Both inositol pentaphosphate (IP5) and IHP were found in all the samples. The IP5/IHP ratio in the winter samples was 3.0 while in summer 3.5. Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) was found in samples from both the seasons. Adenosine monophosphate (AMP) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) were present only in the summer samples while guanosine triphosphate (GTP) was found in the winter samples. Since IP5 and IHP are very powerful HB allosteric effectors, ATP and GTP might function as other protein modulators.

Evaluation of the inflammatory response of the subcutaneous conjunctive of mice against some endodontic irrigations solutions

Introduction: Sodium hypochlorite has been used as an endodontic irrigant since 1936, when Walker used it as Sodium Chlorine. Since then it has became the most well acceptable endodontic irrigant. During the last few years many studies have reported the importance of pH control. Objective: This study evaluates the inflammatory response of some endodontic irrigations solutions in the subcutaneous connective tissue of mice. Material and methods: Thirty-six mice were obtained from the Biomedical Sciences Institute at the University of São Paulo. Their backs were divided into four quadrants and each quadrant was injured with an 8 mm punch. Three of these wounds were submitted to differents solutions, while the fourth was used as a control. This experiment was done in triplicate. After the irrigation of the wounds, the mice were sacrificed at 3, 7 and 14 days. The samples were fixed on 10% formalin and histologically analyzed after hematoxylin and eosin staining. Results: At 14 days all wounds were covered with epithelium with a mild inflammatory infiltrate in the subjacent connective tissue, except for the group that employed 5% sodium hypochlorite at pH 11. Conclusion: The greatest the pH and concentration of sodium hypochlorite solutions, the most toxic they are.

Avaliação do preparo de canais radiculares com dois diferentes sistemas por meio da microtomografia computadorizada / Evaluation of the preparation of root canals with two different systems using micro-computed tomography

Introdução: canais radiculares com secção transversal oval longa dificultam a ação de instrumentos rotatórios, os quais não conseguem se adaptar às suas paredes em toda extensão. O sistema Reciproc de lima única (VDW, Munique, Alemanha) foi desenvolvido para o preparo do canal radicular pela técnica de movimento de trabalho recíproco. O movimento recíproco alivia o estresse do instrumento, reduzindo o risco de fatiga cíclica causada pela tensão e compressão. Objetivo: o objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar, ex vivo, o preparo de canais ovais longos de molares inferiores com o sistema Reciproc, comparando-o ao preparo com instrumentos de rotação completa BioRaCe por meio da microtomografia computadorizada. Métodos: as raízes distais de trinta molares inferiores foram utilizadas e divididas aleatoriamente em dois grupos: G1, Reciproc R40; e G2, BioRaCe. Os dentes foram escaneados por um microtomógrafo de raios X SkyScan 1172 antes e após o preparo dos canais radiculares. As imagens obtidas foram importadas, reconstruídas e, em seguida, analisadas para comparação das mudanças no volume do canal radicular. Resultados: os resultados foram submetidos ao teste estatístico não paramétrico de Mann-Whitney para análise do aumento do volume. O preparo do canal radicular resultou em aumento de volume, com diferença significativa entre os grupos (p < 0,5). Conclusão: o sistema Reciproc removeu mais dentina das paredes do canal radicular do que o sistema BioRaCe

Influence of irrigant viscosity on torsional fracture resistance ofrotary nickel-titanium instruments / Influência da viscosidade da substância química auxiliar na resistência à fratura por torção de instrumentos rotatórios de níquel-titânio

Objective: The main goal of the study was to evaluate the influence of the torsion caused by chemical substances with different viscosity levels on the fracture strength of nickel-titanium rotary dental instruments.Methods: Tapered Instruments K3 #25 and 0.04 were used to prepare simulated canals with: Endo PTC, modified Endo PTC and distilled water. After 12 consecutive preparations using each instrument, they were submitted to the fracture test by torsion, which determined the resistance, in degrees, of each instrument in each experimental situation. Data were collected, analyzed and submitted to statistical analysis using the Kruskal-Wallis test. Results: The statistical data analysis showed that there were no statistically significant differences as regards resistance to torsion of rotary instruments, with changes in level of viscosity of the substance that helps instrumentation. Conclusion: Viscosity level of the chemical substance used during root canal preparation does not interfere in resistance to torsion of rotary instruments up to 12 consecutive times of use

Objetivo: Avaliar a influência de substâncias químicas, utilizadas durante o preparo do canal, com diferentes viscosidades na resistência à fratura por torção de instrumentos rotatórios de níquel-titânio. Métodos: Instrumentos K3 #25 e conicidade 0.04 foram utilizados no preparo de canais simulados com: Endo PTC, Endo PTC modificado e água destilada. Após 12 preparos consecutivos com cada instrumento estes foram submetidos ao teste de fratura por torção em um troptômetro, que determinou a resistência, em graus, de cada instrumento em cada situação experimental. Os dados foram tabulados e submetidos à análise estatística pelo teste de Kruskal-Wallis. Resultados: A análise estatística dos dados apresentados revelou não haver diferenças estatisticamente significantes no que respeita a resistência à torção de instrumentos rotatórios ao variar-se a viscosidade da substância auxiliar da instrumentação. Conclusão: A viscosidade da substância química utilizada durante o preparo do canal radicular não interfere na resistência à fratura de instrumentos rotatórios até 12 utilizações.

Assessing apical transportation in curved canals: comparison between cross-sections and micro-computed tomography

The aim of this study was to compare two methods of assessing apical transportation in curved canals after rotary instrumentation, namely, cross-sections and micro-computed tomography (µCT). Thirty mandibular molars were divided into two groups and prepared according to the requirements of each method. In G1 (cross-sections), teeth were embedded in resin blocks and sectioned at 2.0, 3.5, and 5.0 mm from the anatomic apex. Pre- and postoperative sections were photographed and analyzed. In G2 (µCT), teeth were embedded in a rubber-base impression material and scanned before and after instrumentation. Mesiobuccal canals were instrumented with the Twisted File (TF) system (SybronEndo, Orange, USA), and mesiolingual canals, with the EndoSequence (ES) system (Brasseler, Savannah, USA). Images were reconstructed, and sections corresponding to distances 2.0, 3.5, and 5.0 mm from the anatomic apex were selected for comparison. Data were analyzed using Mann-Whitney's test at a 5% significance level. The TF and ES instruments produced little deviation from the root canal center, with no statistical difference between them (P > 0.05). The canal transportation results were significantly lower (0.056 mm) in G2 than in G1 (0.089 mm) (p = 0.0012). The µCT method was superior to the cross-section method, especially in view of its ability to preserve specimens and provide results that are more closely related to clinical situations.

Assessing apical transportation in curved canals: comparison between cross-sections and micro-computed tomography.

The aim of this study was to compare two methods of assessing apical transportation in curved canals after rotary instrumentation, namely, cross-sections and micro-computed tomography (µCT). Thirty mandibular molars were divided into two groups and prepared according to the requirements of each method. In G1 (cross-sections), teeth were embedded in resin blocks and sectioned at 2.0, 3.5, and 5.0 mm from the anatomic apex. Pre- and postoperative sections were photographed and analyzed. In G2 (µCT), teeth were embedded in a rubber-base impression material and scanned before and after instrumentation. Mesiobuccal canals were instrumented with the Twisted File (TF) system (SybronEndo, Orange, USA), and mesiolingual canals, with the EndoSequence (ES) system (Brasseler, Savannah, USA). Images were reconstructed, and sections corresponding to distances 2.0, 3.5, and 5.0 mm from the anatomic apex were selected for comparison. Data were analyzed using Mann-Whitney's test at a 5% significance level. The TF and ES instruments produced little deviation from the root canal center, with no statistical difference between them (P > 0.05). The canal transportation results were significantly lower (0.056 mm) in G2 than in G1 (0.089 mm) (p = 0.0012). The µCT method was superior to the cross-section method, especially in view of its ability to preserve specimens and provide results that are more closely related to clinical situations.

Dental pulp vascular permeability changes induced by dental bleaching

Aiming to compare the effect of different light sources for dental bleaching on vascular permeability of dental pulps, forty-eight incisors were used. The bleaching agent (35 % hydrogen peroxide) was activated by halogen light; LED (Light Emitting Diode) or LED, followed by laser phototherapy (LPT) (λ = 780 nm; 3 J/cm²). After the bleaching procedures, the animals received an intra-arterial dye injection and one hour later were sacrificed. The teeth were diaphanized and photographed. The amount of blue stain content of each dental pulp was quantified using a computer imaging program. The data was statistically compared (p < 0.05). The results showed a significant higher (p < 0.01) dye content in the groups bleached with halogen light, compared with the control, LED and LED plus LPT groups. Thus, tooth bleaching activated by LED or LED plus LPT induces lesser resulted in increased vascular permeability than halogen light.

Topography of four different endodontic rotary systems, before and after being used for the 12th time.

Root canal preparation may damage NiTi instruments resulting in wear and deformation. The aim of this study was to make a comparative evaluation of the surface topography of the cervical third of four different rotary systems, before and after being used twelve times, in 1.440 resin blocks with simulated root canals with standardized 45° curvatures, and analyzed by atomic force microscopy AFM. The blocks were divided into four groups and prepared according to the manufacturers recommendations: Group 1--K3®; Group 2--Protaper Universal®; Group 3--Twisted Files® and Group 4--Biorace®. After each preparation, the instruments were washed and autoclaved. A total of 240 instruments were selected, being 30 new instruments and 30 after having been used for the 12th time, from each group. These instruments were analyzed by AFM and for quantitative evaluation, the mean RMS (Root mean square) values of the cervical third of the specimens from the four groups were used. The result showed that all the rotary files used for the 12th time suffered wear with change in the topography of the cervical region of the active portion of the file (ANOVA p < 0.01). Classifying the specimens in increasing order, from the least to the greatest wear suffered, Group 3 (2.8993 nm) presented the least wear, followed by Group 4 (12.2520 nm), Group 1 (36.0043 nm) and lastly, Group 2 (59.8750 nm) with the largest amount of cervical surface wear.

Avaliação em microscopia eletrônica de varredura da penetração intratubular de diferentes cimentos endodônticos / Depth penetratian af roat canal sealers inta dentinal tubules: a scanning electron microscapic study

A penetração intratubular dos cimentos é importante como forma de promover uma retenção micromecânica da obturação endodôntica à parede dentinária e, dessa forma, melhorar o vedamento desta. Sendo assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a capacidade de escoamento intratubular den- tinária de diferentes cimentos endodônticos nos três terços radiculares. Um total de 50 dentes" an- teriores superiores humanos foram preparados, instrumentados e divididos aleatoriamente em cinco grupos, para serem obturados com os cimentos: RealSeal® (GRS), EndoReZ® (GER), AH-PluS™ (GAH), Sealapex' (GSL) e N-Rickert® (GNR), através da técnica de condensação lateral ativa. Após 30 dias armazenados em estufa, os dentes foram clivados, desidratados, metalizados e analisados em Micros- copia Eletrônica de Varredura quanto à profundidade de penetração intratubular dentinária nos três terços radiculares, cervical (C), médio (M) e apical (A). Os resultados mostraram que, independente do terço radicular, GRS obteve níveis estatisticamente maiores (teste ANOVA/Bonferroni, p< 0.05) de penetração intratubular frente aos outros grupos (C- 533,9~m; M- 300,7~m; A- 80,7~m). O GAH (C- 412,2~m; M- 215,4~m A- 43,8~m) é significativamente diferente dos grupos GER (C- 176,3~m; M- 91,7~m; A- 17,6~m), GSL (C- 231,4~m; M- 100,6~m; A- 19,9~m) e GNR (C- 132,4~m; M- 52~m; A- 9~m), que não possuem diferença estatística entre si. Conclui-se que os cimentos resinosos, Real Seal® e AH-PluS™, possuem uma melhor capacidade de escoamento intratubular na dentína quando comparados a outros cimentos testados nesse estudo.

The sealer penetration into the dentinal tubules is important to provide a micromechanical adhesion of sealer cements to dentin and improve the sealing of endodontic obturation. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the penetration of root canal sealers into dentinal tubules in coronal (C), middle (M) and apical thirds (A). Fifty extracted human maxiliary anterior teeth were decoronated, instrumented, and randomly divided in five groups and obturatede with : Real Seal® (GRS), EndoReZ® (GERl, AH-PluS™ (GAH), Sealapex' (GSL) and N-Rickert® (GNR) by lateral condensation. The specimens were stored in 100% relative humiditiy at 3rC for 30 days. After this period, were longitudinally split and prepared for scanning electron microscopy. The focus of observation was the interface between the dentin and the sealing material, the deep penetrationof sealers was measured in three thirds. The results showed GRS was significantly bether than others groups independent of radicular third (C- 533,9~m; M- 300,7~m; A- 80,7~m). There were no significantily differences between GER (C- 176,3~m; M- 91 ,7~m; A- 17,6~m), GSL (C- 231,4~m; M- 100,6~m; A- 19,9~m) and GNR (C- 132,4~m; M- 52~m; A- 9~m) groups, and sho- wed the lower deep penetration. The resin sealers, with the exception of EndoRez sealer, have a better dentin penetration quality than others sealer category.

Análise da limpeza dentinária em canais radiculares preparados com um sistema rotatório e diferentes substâncias químicas / Analysis of the cleaning of root canal prepared with a rotary instrument system and different chemical substances

Objetivos: Avaliar, com auxílio de microscópio eletrônico de varredura e leituras computadorizadas, a limpeza da superfície dentinária radicular - terços cervical, médio e apical - em canais radiculares de incisivos inferiores humanos, preparados pelo sistema rotatório K3?ENDO e diferentes substâncias químicas. Métodos: Entre elas o hipoclorito de sódio a 2,5%, (pH 11,0), do creme de Endo PTC reagindo com hipoclorito de sódio 0,5% (pH 11,0), empregando-se essa em duas diferentes consistências; sua consistência normal (Endo PTC-N) e uma de menor densidade (Endo-PTC-L); e de um gel de clorexidina (Endogel®). Concluída essa fase, os grupos receberam irrigação-aspiração com soluções de hipoclorito de sódio a 0,5%, (pH 11,0) e de EDTA-T a 17%, exceto o grupo do Endogel®, que recebeu dois regimes de irrigação, em um, irrigaçãoaspiração final com 20mL de soro fisiológico e em outro irrigação com EDTA-T. As amostras foram então preparadas para microscopia eletrônica de varredura e suas imagens analisadas pelo programa Scion Image. Resultados: Os resultados revelaram diferença estatisticamente significante, sendo que o grupo do Endo-PTC-L se mostrou superior aos demais no terço médio e apical e o grupo do Endogel com irrigação de EDTA-T apenas no terço médio, não havendo diferença estatística entre eles. Conclusão: Concluiu-se que substâncias veiculadas em polietilenoglicol e em menor viscosidade ofereceram melhor padrão de limpeza.

Objectives: To evaluate, by scanning electronic microscopy and computerized readings, cleaning of the root dentin surface - cervical, middle and apical thirds - in human mandibular incisor root canals, prepared by the rotary system K3?ENDO and different chemical substances. Methods: Among these, 2.5% sodium hypochlorite, (pH 11.0), Endo PTC cream reacting with 0.5% sodium hypochlorite (pH 11.0), usingthis in two different consistencies; its normal consistency (Endo PTC-N) and a less dense version (Endo-PTC-L); and a chlorhexidine (Endogel®). When this phase ended, the groups received irrigation-aspiration with solutions of 0.5% sodium hypochlorite (pH 11.0) and 17% EDTA-T, except for the Endogel® group, which received two irrigation regimes, in one final irrigation-aspiration with 20 mL of physiological solution and in the other, irrigation with EDTA-T. After this the samples were prepared for SEM and their images were analyzed by the Scion Image program. Results: The results revealed statistically significant difference, with the Endo-PTC-L group shown to be superior to the others in the middle and apical thirds. Whereas for the Endogel group with EDTA-T irrigation, there was no statistical difference among them, only in the middle third. Conclusion: It was concluded that the substances with the vehicle polyethylene glycol and with lower viscosities offered a better standard of cleaning.

Dissolução do tecido pulpar bovino por duas substâncias químicas do preparo do canal radicular / Bovine pulp tissue dissolution by two root canal irrigant solutions

O presente trabalho avaliou a dissolução de polpas bovinas pelo gel de clorexidina a 2,0% e pela solução de hipoclorito de sódio - em diferentes concentrações e valores de pH - sob duas temperaturas. Os fragmentos de tecido pulpar foram imersos em clorexidina 2,0%, veiculado em gel de natrosol, e hipoclorito de sódio a 5,0%; 2,5%; 1,0%; e 0,5%, com pH em 7,0; 9,0; e 11,0; sob duas temperaturas: 27°C e 37°C, para período máximo de 120 minutos. Dois fragmentos pulpares foram colocados em água destilada como grupos controles. Os resultados mostraram que: 1 - As soluções de hipoclorito de sódio sofrem influência de pH, temperatura e concentração, nessa ordem decrescente, para agir sobre a dissolução do tecido pulpar bovino. 2 - O gel de clorexidina a 2,0%, bem como as soluções de hipoclorito de sódio a 0,5% (pH 7), e temperaturas entre 27°C e 37°C, não dissolveram tecidos orgânicos durante o tempo experimental. 3 - Os trabalhos de pesquisa que utilizam o hipoclorito de sódio deveriam especificar suas características de pH, temperatura e concentração. 4 - Em pH 11, podem-se utilizar soluções menos concentradas do hipoclorito de sódio para manter sua ação de dissolução do tecido orgânico. 5 - Apesar de não se ter um modelo ideal para aquecimento controlado das soluções de hipoclorito de sódio, estas devem ser aquecidas para aumentar sua eficácia sobre a dissolução de tecido orgânico.